//change number for 'total' to the number of questions in the dataset
var total=250
var question=new Array()
for (i=1;i<=total+1;i++){
temp="choice"+i+"=new Array()"
eval(temp)
}
var solution=new Array()
var reference=new Array()

/*Below lists the phrases that will be randomly displayed if the user correctly answers the question. 
You may extend or shorten this list as desired
*/
var compliments=new Array()
compliments[0]="Excellent! You're correct."
compliments[1]="Wow, you got the right answer!"
compliments[2]="Right, you must have studied. "
compliments[3]="Right, good job!!"
compliments[4]="Correct!"
compliments[5]="Great Job! That's right."
compliments[6]="Correct, good work!"
compliments[7]="Yes, that's right!"
compliments[8]="You got it right!"
compliments[9]="You're right!"


/*List the questions, its choices, the solution, and finally the reference to each question. Follow the exact 
format below when editing the questions. You may have as many questions as needed.
*/

question[1]="Which geographical region of the world has the largest number of honey bee species?"
choice1[1]="Africa"
choice1[2]="Europe"
choice1[3]="Asia"
choice1[4]="South America"
solution[1]="c"
reference[1]="At least 7 honey bee species have been described. The majority of these species originated in Asia."

question[2]="How many types of eyes does a honey bee have on its head?"
choice2[1]="One"
choice2[2]="Two"
choice2[3]="Three"
choice2[4]="Four"
solution[2]="b"
reference[2]="Honey bees have a pair of compound eyes. They also have simple eyes, called ocelli."

question[3]="The life cycle of a honey bee consists of:"
choice3[1]="Egg, Larvae, and Adult"
choice3[2]="Egg, Larve, Imago, and Adult"
choice3[3]="Egg, Larvae, Pupae, and Adult"
choice3[4]="Egg, Larvae, Adult, and Imago"
solution[3]="c"
reference[3]="Honey bees go through complete metamorphosis starting with an egg layed by a queen or laying worker. Larvae hatch from the egg. The pupae goes through major changes to become an adult."

question[4]="Only a queen honey bee can lay eggs."
choice4[1]="True"
choice4[2]="False"
choice4[3]=""
choice4[4]=""
solution[4]="b"
reference[4]="Workers are female. If no queen is present in a hive one or more worker will begin laying eggs."

question[5]="How many legs are there on an adult honey bee?"
choice5[1]="Two"
choice5[2]="Four"
choice5[3]="Six"
choice5[4]="Eight"
solution[5]="c"
reference[5]="Like all insects honey bees have three pair, or six, legs."

question[6]="How many pair of wings are on an adult honey bee?"
choice6[1]="One"
choice6[2]="Two"
choice6[3]="Three"
choice6[4]="Four"
solution[6]="b"
reference[6]="Honey bees have one pair of forewings and another pair of hindwings."

question[7]="How many days is needed for a queen to grow from an egg to adult?"
choice7[1]="16"
choice7[2]="21"
choice7[3]="24"
choice7[4]="27"
solution[7]="a"
reference[7]="Queens develop at the fastest rate of the hive occupants, 16 days. Workers require 21 days. Drone take 24 days to grow into an adult."

question[8]="How long does it take for a drone to develop from an egg?"
choice8[1]="16"
choice8[2]="21"
choice8[3]="24"
choice8[4]="27"
solution[8]="c"
reference[8]="A drone takes the longest of the three hive occupants to develop, 24 days."

question[9]="It takes about four weeks for a worker honey bee to develop from egg to adult."
choice9[1]="True"
choice9[2]="False"
choice9[3]=""
choice9[4]=""
solution[9]="b"
reference[9]="The average development time for a honey bee worker is 21 days, or three weeks."

question[10]="What is the name of the outer shell of a honey bee's body?"
choice10[1]="Skeleton"
choice10[2]="Exoskeleton"
choice10[3]="Bones"
choice10[4]="Chitin shell"
solution[10]="b"
reference[10]="Insects have a chitin based skeletal shell on the outside of their bodies called an exoskeleton."

question[11]="Insect 'blood' is actually called:"
choice11[1]="Hymenoptera"
choice11[2]="Hemiptera"
choice11[3]="Hemolalips"
choice11[4]="Hemolymph"
solution[11]="d"
reference[11]="Hemolymph is the term used for non-oxygen carrying insect blood. Hymenoptera and Hemiptera are insects Orders. Hemolalips is a made up word."

question[12]="The scientific name for the Western Honey bee found in the United States and Europe is:"
choice12[1]="Apis mellifera"
choice12[2]="Apis cerana"
choice12[3]="Apis dorsata"
choice12[4]="Apis florae"
solution[12]="a"
reference[12]="Apis mellifera was imported from Europe and Africa into North and South America and Australia. The other honey bees are found in Asia."

question[13]="Honey bee have piercing-sucking mouthparts."
choice13[1]="True"
choice13[2]="False"
choice13[3]=""
choice13[4]=""
solution[13]="b"
reference[13]="Honey bees have a variation of chewing-sucking mouthparts. They have mandibles for chewing and proboscus fro sucking nectar from flowers."

question[14]="The primary foods of the honey bee are pollen and:"
choice14[1]="Water"
choice14[2]="Nectar"
choice14[3]="Flowers"
choice14[4]="Tree sap"
solution[14]="b"
reference[14]="Pollen provides protein to the honey bee diet. Carbohydrate is provided by nectar from flowers."

question[15]="Smoke calms honey bees."
choice15[1]="True"
choice15[2]="False"
choice15[3]=""
choice15[4]=""
solution[15]="a"
reference[15]="Although the mechanism and reason are in dispute, pumping smoke into a hive calms bees and allows beekeepers to safely inspect a hive."

question[16]="Which disease is diagnosed by the ‘Toothpick Test’ in the field?"
choice16[1]="European Foulbrood"
choice16[2]="Sacbrood"
choice16[3]="Chalkbrood"
choice16[4]="American Foulbrood"
solution[16]="d"
reference[16]="American foulbrood breaks down honey bee pupae into gooey, stringy liquid. A good test for AFB is to use a toothpick or other thin piece of wood to mix up and slowly pull out the contents of a capped cell. If the content stick to the wood and can be pulled out ½ inch or more AFB is likely to be present."

question[17]="American Foulbrood is caused by which of the following organism?"
choice17[1]="Bacteria"
choice17[2]="Fungus"
choice17[3]="Virus"
choice17[4]="Protozoa"
solution[17]="a"
reference[17]="AFB is caused by the bacteria Paenibacillus larvae."

question[18]="Chalkbrood is caused by which of the following organism?"
choice18[1]="Bacteria"
choice18[2]="Fungus"
choice18[3]="Virus"
choice18[4]="Protozoa"
solution[18]="b"
reference[18]="Chalkbrood is caused by the fungus Ascosphaera apis."

question[19]="What percentage of honey bee colonies in the United States died annually from 1984-1990 as a result of the honey bee tracheal mites."
choice19[1]="10"
choice19[2]="30"
choice19[3]="50"
choice19[4]="70"
solution[19]="c"
reference[19]="Hive losses after the introduction of tracheal mites and before the appearance of Varroa mites in the U.S. were approximately 50 % annually. Losses continue to be high as a result of the two parasitic mites."

question[20]="Stonebrood is caused by a bacteria."
choice20[1]="True"
choice20[2]="False"
choice20[3]=""
choice20[4]=""
solution[20]="b"
reference[20]="Stonebrood is a larval disease in honey bees usually caused by fungi."

question[21]="‘Acarapis woodi’, or tracheal mite, is a serious external parasite of adult honey bees."
choice21[1]="True"
choice21[2]="False"
choice21[3]=""
choice21[4]=""
solution[21]="b"
reference[21]="The internal parasite Acarapis woodi mite species lives and feeds in the trachea of honey bee adults. They cause no visible injury to its bee host. Feeding activity of this mite, however, can jeopardize winter survival of the host."

question[22]="Female Varroa mites are found most commonly in capped cells with honey bee pupae."
choice22[1]="True"
choice22[2]="False"
choice22[3]=""
choice22[4]=""
solution[22]="a"
reference[22]="The female Varroa mite spends most of it life inside capped honey bee cells, feeding and reproducing."

question[23]="Why are worker honey bees considered to be imperfect females?"
choice23[1]="Workers lack ovaries"
choice23[2]="Workers are unable to produce pheromones"
choice23[3]="Worker honey bees are unable to mate"
choice23[4]="All of the above"
solution[23]="c"
reference[23]="Workers are females in that they possess ovaries and an oviduct. They produce an assortment of pheromones from the Nasanov, Dufour, and other glands. However, they lack a functional spermatheca and ability to mate."

question[24]="Direct contact with the queen is required for a worker bee to know of her presence."
choice24[1]="True"
choice24[2]="False"
choice24[3]=""
choice24[4]=""
solution[24]="b"
reference[24]="Attendant worker bees lick pheromones from the queens body surface and distribute them throughout the worker population. Direct contact by each worker is not required for them to detect the queen’s presence."

question[25]="Attendant worker bees should be removed from the queen cage prior to requeening a hive."
choice25[1]="True"
choice25[2]="False"
choice25[3]=""
choice25[4]=""
solution[25]="a"
reference[25]="Concentration of queen substance on attendant workers can confuse hive workers releasing a new queen. The safest technique when using the mailing cage is to remove the attendant workers prior to inserting the cage between two brood combs."

question[26]="European Foulbrood is caused by which of the following organisms?"
choice26[1]="Bacteria"
choice26[2]="Fungus"
choice26[3]="Virus"
choice26[4]="Protozoa"
solution[26]="a"
reference[26]="Like American Foulbrood, EFB is caused by a bacteria. The bacterium associated with EFB is ‘Melissococcus pluton’, a non-spore forming bacteria."

question[27]="What happens to a bee that dies inside of the hive?"
choice27[1]="Left on bottom board"
choice27[2]="Ignored by other bees"
choice27[3]="Carried outside of the hive."
choice27[4]="Fed to larvae"
solution[27]="c"
reference[27]="Dead bees are removed by caretaker bees and deposited outside of the hive."

question[28]="How do guard bees recognize a robber bee from another hive?"
choice28[1]="Flight speed"
choice28[2]="Body odor"
choice28[3]="Wing vibration"
choice28[4]="Body color"
solution[28]="b"
reference[28]="Guard bees recognize foreign bees by their body odor. Each hive is unique, especially in their odors."

question[29]="As a nurse bee ages she switches from feeding older larvae to younger larvae, giving more attention to larvae less than 3 days old."
choice29[1]="True"
choice29[2]="False"
choice29[3]=""
choice29[4]=""
solution[29]="a"
reference[29]="The first week as an adult workers feed larvae older than three days. During their second week they begin to feed young larvae less than three days old. Nursing activities become more varied during the third week."

question[30]="Nosema is a spore forming bacteria that infects adult honey bees."
choice30[1]="True"
choice30[2]="False"
choice30[3]=""
choice30[4]=""
solution[30]="b"
reference[30]="Nosema is caused by the protozoan ‘Nosema apis’. Adults honey bees are infected by ingesting the spores of this organism."

question[31]="Foraging honey bees increase the sugar concentration of nectar as they carry it back to a hive."
choice31[1]="True"
choice31[2]="False"
choice31[3]=""
choice31[4]=""
solution[31]="b"
reference[31]="Foragers do not appreciably change the concentration of nectar while carrying it back to the hive. Nectar is cured, converted to honey, during trophallaxis and other drying activities in a hive."

question[32]="Laying workers are important in saving a queenless colony."
choice32[1]="True"
choice32[2]="False"
choice32[3]=""
choice32[4]=""
solution[32]="b"
reference[32]="A laying worker produces only unfertilized eggs which result in drones. A queenless colony will eventual die, since only male offspring and no workers are produced."

question[33]="Which type of cell is preferred by wax moth larvae?"
choice33[1]="Honey"
choice33[2]="Pollen"
choice33[3]="Brood"
choice33[4]="All of the above"
solution[33]="c"
reference[33]="Wax moth larvae will feed on honey and pollen but prefer caste skins and debris contained in brood cells."

question[34]="Emerging honey bee adults may be trapped in their brood cells by wax moth larvae."
choice34[1]="True"
choice34[2]="False"
choice34[3]=""
choice34[4]=""
solution[34]="a"
reference[34]="Galleriosis is a serious wax moth infestation where cocoons from moth larvae trap emerging adult bees in their cells."

question[35]="A honey bee population consists of female workers, a queen, and male drones."
choice35[1]="True"
choice35[2]="False"
choice35[3]=""
choice35[4]=""
solution[35]="a"
reference[35]="The three occupants of a honey bee nest are the queen, workers, and drones. The queen and workers are female. The drones are male."

question[36]="Beeswax is produced by foraging bees gathering wax from flowers."
choice36[1]="True"
choice36[2]="False"
choice36[3]=""
choice36[4]=""
solution[36]="b"
reference[36]="Beeswax is a secretion for glands in the abdomen of worker bees. It is produced by converting sugar from nectar into wax."

question[37]="High fructose corn syrups (HFCS) is a safe, effective bee food."
choice37[1]="True"
choice37[2]="False"
choice37[3]=""
choice37[4]=""
solution[37]="a"
reference[37]="Enzymatic produced high fructose corn syrup is a safe alternative for feeding honey bees a 2:1 sugar syrup. The list of ingredients should be checked to ensure that additives harmful to bees are not included in the corn syrup."

question[38]="Sacbrood is caused by which of the following?"
choice38[1]="Bacteria"
choice38[2]="Fungus"
choice38[3]="Virus"
choice38[4]="Protozoa"
solution[38]="c"
reference[38]="Sacbrood is the only common brood disease caused by a virus."

question[39]="Pesticide poisoning is a major problem for beekeepers and their bees."
choice39[1]="True"
choice39[2]="False"
choice39[3]=""
choice39[4]=""
solution[39]="a"
reference[39]="Poisoning of a beehive can result from agricultural, public health, or homeowner application of pesticides. Accidental and intentional spraying of honey bee hives or flowering plants can kill large numbers of honey bees. Beekeepers should take appropriate actions to protect their bees from contact with toxic pesticides."

question[40]="What is the minimum equipment needed by a beekeeper?"
choice40[1]="Smoker"
choice40[2]="Veil"
choice40[3]="Hive tool"
choice40[4]="All of the above"
solution[40]="d"
reference[40]="The basic equipment of every beekeeper is a veil to protect the face and throat from stings, hive tool for opening hives and removing frames, and smoker to calm bees during inspection of a hive. Additional equipment, including coverall, gloves, and leg ties, may be used for added protection and prevention of stings."

question[41]="Beehives must be painted white."
choice41[1]="True"
choice41[2]="False"
choice41[3]=""
choice41[4]=""
solution[41]="b"
reference[41]="Traditionally beehives have been painted white. However, any bright or light color may be used. Colors with lighter pigment reflect sunlight and reduce internal hive temperatures during the summer months."

question[42]="Kashmir bee virus causes mortality in brood and adult honey bees."
choice42[1]="True"
choice42[2]="False"
choice42[3]=""
choice42[4]=""
solution[42]="a"
reference[42]="Kashmir bee virus is found in North America, Australia, New Zealand and parts of Europe. This virus is known to be transmitted by the Varroa mite. Kashmir bee virus is reported to cause mortality in both brood and adult honey bees."

question[43]="Africanized honey bees are highly aggressive and deadly bees."
choice43[1]="True"
choice43[2]="False"
choice43[3]=""
choice43[4]=""
solution[43]="a"
reference[43]="The African bee strains were introduced into Brazil in 1956. These bees cross bred with European honey bees (EHB) in South and North America to produce Africanized honey bees (AHB). AHB is a more aggressive bee than EHB. The aggressive nature of AHB makes them more dangerous to humans and other animals."

question[44]="Deformed wings of adult worker honey bees are caused by Varroa mites feeding on the pupae."
choice44[1]="True"
choice44[2]="False"
choice44[3]=""
choice44[4]=""
solution[44]="b"
reference[44]="Originally, deformed, or crippled, wings on adult bees were believed to be caused by varroa mites damaging primordial wing cells on honey bee pupae. We now know that deformed wings in adult honey bees is caused by a virus, Deformed Wing Virus (DWV). The virus is transmitted by the Varroa mite. The misshaped wings become more noticeable as the Varroa mite population increases in a bee hive."

question[45]="What color are the eyes of a worker larva?"
choice45[1]="Clear"
choice45[2]="White"
choice45[3]="Brown"
choice45[4]="None of the above"
solution[45]="d"
reference[45]="Honey bee larvae do not have eyes."

question[46]="Like the adult bee, honey bee larvae have 3 pair of legs."
choice46[1]="True"
choice46[2]="False"
choice46[3]=""
choice46[4]=""
solution[46]="b"
reference[46]="Larvae of the honey bee are legless."

question[47]="Honey bee larvae use their antennae to detect the presence of an adult worker with food?"
choice47[1]="True"
choice47[2]="False"
choice47[3]=""
choice47[4]=""
solution[47]="b"
reference[47]="Honey bee larvae do not have antennae."

question[48]="‘Apis mellifera’, the Western honey bee, originated from what part of the world?"
choice48[1]="Europe, Africa and the Near East"
choice48[2]="North America, South America and Africa"
choice48[3]="Australia, South America and Central America"
choice48[4]="Africa, Southeast Asia, and Europe"
solution[48]="a"
reference[48]="‘Apis mellifera’ was originally from Europe, Africa and the Near East. The Western honey bee is an excellent producer of honey. Their large colony populations make them an excellent choice as pollinators. European explorers and colonists dispersed them throughout the world as they expanded into the Americas, Australia and Far East continents."

question[49]="The Caucasian honey bee is a dark colored race of bees."
choice49[1]="True"
choice49[2]="False"
choice49[3]=""
choice49[4]=""
solution[49]="a"
reference[49]="The Caucasian bee is dark colored in appearance with a black chitinous exoskeleton consisting of bands of grayish/brownish hairs on the dorsal surface of the abdomen."

question[50]="The Carniolan honey bee is a light colored race of bees."
choice50[1]="True"
choice50[2]="False"
choice50[3]=""
choice50[4]=""
solution[50]="b"
reference[50]="Carniolan bees are dark colored in appearance with a black chitinous exoskeleton consisting of bands of grayish/brownish hairs on the dorsal surface of the abdomen."

question[51]="All of these races of honey bees have been imported into the United States except:"
choice51[1]="German honey bee"
choice51[2]="Caucasian honey bee"
choice51[3]="Italian honey bee"
choice51[4]="Cape honey bee"
solution[51]="d"
reference[51]="‘Apis mellifera capensis’, the Cape bee, is found in South Africa. It is not been to occur in the United States."

question[52]="Which of the following could you use to treat a hive infected with American Foulbrood?"
choice52[1]="Antibiotic"
choice52[2]="Shake onto frames with new foundation"
choice52[3]="Burn"
choice52[4]="All of the above"
solution[52]="d"
reference[52]="All of these are recognized treatments for AFB. If the disease persists after treatment with antibiotics and shaking onto new foundation, only burning the comb, frames, and other woodwork will eliminate the infestation."

question[53]="Nosema can be treated with antibiotics."
choice53[1]="True"
choice53[2]="False"
choice53[3]=""
choice53[4]=""
solution[53]="a"
reference[53]="The antibiotic Fumigillin, for Fumidil is an accepted treatment for ‘Nosema apis’, or Nosema."

question[54]="Sacbrood can be successfully treated with an antibiotic."
choice54[1]="True"
choice54[2]="False"
choice54[3]=""
choice54[4]=""
solution[54]="b"
reference[54]="Sacbrood is a virus. Antibiotics do not have any effect on viruses."

question[55]="The only treatment available for Chalkbrood is to requeen the hive."
choice55[1]="True"
choice55[2]="False"
choice55[3]=""
choice55[4]=""
solution[55]="a"
reference[55]="No chemical or medicine is approved for treating hives with Chalkbrood. Requeening may introduce genetic resistance to the fungus. Changing hive location to a dryer, sunny location will reduce fungi growth causing Chalkbrood."

question[56]="Honey bees are indigenous to North and South America."
choice56[1]="True"
choice56[2]="False"
choice56[3]=""
choice56[4]=""
solution[56]="b"
reference[56]="Honey bees are believed to originate from Asia. While there is a honey producing bee indigenous to South America, it does not produce sufficient amounts for surplus harvest. No honey bee species occurred in North America before the introduction of the Western honey bee by European colonists in the 1600’s."

question[57]="Approximately how many adult bees are there in a pound of bees?"
choice57[1]="1000"
choice57[2]="2500"
choice57[3]="5000"
choice57[4]="7500"
solution[57]="c"
reference[57]="A worker bee weighs an average of 93 mg. A pound is equal to 453 grams or 453,000 mg. A pound of bees containing adult workers and drones shaken from a hive contains between 4500 and 5000 bees."

question[58]="The most important bee in a hive is the queen."
choice58[1]="True"
choice58[2]="False"
choice58[3]=""
choice58[4]=""
solution[58]="a"
reference[58]="Without the queen there are not workers to build a comb, take care of developing larvae, defend against predators, or feed the queen. A hive cannot continue without a egg laying queen."

question[59]="The first honey bees introduced into North America were black German bees."
choice59[1]="True"
choice59[2]="False"
choice59[3]=""
choice59[4]=""
solution[59]="a"
reference[59]="The black German bee was introduced into North America in the early 1600’s long before the second race, Italians, were introduced in 1860."

question[60]="The black German bees were used in North America for over 200 years before Italian bees were introduced."
choice60[1]="True"
choice60[2]="False"
choice60[3]=""
choice60[4]=""
solution[60]="a"
reference[60]="The black German bee was introduced into North America in the early 1600’s long before the second race, Italians, were introduced in 1860."

question[61]="When was the Italian bee introduced into North America?"
choice61[1]="1617"
choice61[2]="1725"
choice61[3]="1860"
choice61[4]="1914"
solution[61]="c"
reference[61]="The second race of honey bees introduced into North America was the Italian bee in 1860."

question[62]="When was the honey bee introduced into North America?"
choice62[1]="1492"
choice62[2]="1617"
choice62[3]="1776"
choice62[4]="1860"
solution[62]="b"
reference[62]="The first record of honey bees shipped to North America was in 1617 to the Jamestown Settlement in Virginia."

question[63]="What year was ‘Bee Space’ discovered by L.L. Langstroth."
choice63[1]="1617"
choice63[2]="1792"
choice63[3]="1851"
choice63[4]="1926"
solution[63]="c"
reference[63]="The open space maintained between combs and interior walls by honey bees is called ‘bee space’. It is a distance of 1/4 to 3/8 inch first discovered by Rev. Lorenzo Lorraine Langstroth in 1851. It is the bases for the construction of all beehives used today."

question[64]="What is the name of the sticky substance used by bees to line the interior of a hive?"
choice64[1]="Honey"
choice64[2]="Pollen"
choice64[3]="Propolis"
choice64[4]="Wax"
solution[64]="c"
reference[64]="Propolis is a resin collected by bees from trees. It is used to line the interior cavity of a bee hive or nest and to fill holes in the exterior wall. It contains antimicrobial properties that reduce diseases in the bee hive."

question[65]="Which of these hive products are collected and sold by beekeepers."
choice65[1]="Honey and pollen"
choice65[2]="Wax and propolis"
choice65[3]="Queens and worker bees"
choice65[4]="All of the above"
solution[65]="d"
reference[65]="Virtually all of the contents of a bee hive have some monetary value. Many of these are collected and sold for profit, even venom from a bee sting."

question[66]="Honey is used to treat cuts and burns."
choice66[1]="True"
choice66[2]="False"
choice66[3]=""
choice66[4]=""
solution[66]="a"
reference[66]="Honey has a variety of medicinal characteristics. Doctors use honey to treat burn. The American Dental Association has found that honey, used properly, can reduce bacteria and cavity in the mouth."

question[67]="Honey bees are unable to survive cold temperatures resulting in all hives dying during the winter when temperatures approach freezing."
choice67[1]="True"
choice67[2]="False"
choice67[3]=""
choice67[4]=""
solution[67]="b"
reference[67]="Honey bees display a number of characteristics, including clustering and storage of food, that allows them to survive cold winter temperatures."

question[68]="The queen ‘glues’ honey bee eggs to the bottom of comb."
choice68[1]="True"
choice68[2]="False"
choice68[3]=""
choice68[4]=""
solution[68]="a"
reference[68]="Queens secrete a liquid to the bottom of each egg that secures it to wax comb."

question[69]="A beekeeper can be stung by any of the occupants in a bee hive."
choice69[1]="True"
choice69[2]="False"
choice69[3]=""
choice69[4]=""
solution[69]="b"
reference[69]="Only the worker bees have a functional stinger with attached venom sac. Drones do not have a stinger."

question[70]="How is a worker bee’s duties in a hive determined?"
choice70[1]="Age"
choice70[2]="Queen pheromones"
choice70[3]="Other workers"
choice70[4]="All of the above"
solution[70]="d"
reference[70]="A worker’s job is primarily determined by her age. However, the queen pheromones and number and age of other worker bees also play a role in what work needs to be done."

question[71]="How many eggs per day can a queen lay?"
choice71[1]="100"
choice71[2]="500"
choice71[3]="1000"
choice71[4]="1500"
solution[71]="d"
reference[71]="During the peak buildup in late spring a queen honey bee can lay up to 1500 eggs a day."

question[72]="What color is best for a bee veil?"
choice72[1]="White"
choice72[2]="Black"
choice72[3]="Yellow"
choice72[4]="Sky blue"
solution[72]="b"
reference[72]="Black screening is best for use in a veil. Dark colors are easier to look through into lighted, sunny, areas."

question[73]="What is the most damaging and costly disease of honey bees?"
choice73[1]="American Foulbrood"
choice73[2]="European Foulbrood"
choice73[3]="Sacbrood"
choice73[4]="Chalkbrood"
solution[73]="a"
reference[73]="American foulbrood is highly contagious and persistent. The spore from the bacteria remain viable for many decades. They are easily transferred between hives by robber bees and beekeepers. AFB has resulted in the loss and destruction of bees, honey, and equipment in entire beeyards and commercial bee operations."

question[74]="Queen honey bees mate with drones inside the hive."
choice74[1]="True"
choice74[2]="False"
choice74[3]=""
choice74[4]=""
solution[74]="b"
reference[74]="Honey bee mating occurs 'on the wing', or in the air, in drone congregation areas away from the queens home beeyard."

question[75]="How long can a queen honey bee live?"
choice75[1]="1 month"
choice75[2]="1 year"
choice75[3]="4 years"
choice75[4]="8 years"
solution[75]="d"
reference[75]="The longest reported lifespan of a laying honey bee queen is 8 years. However, queens typically do not live much longer than 2 to 3 years."

question[76]="What is the summer life expectancy of a worker bee?"
choice76[1]="14 days"
choice76[2]="21 days"
choice76[3]="28 days"
choice76[4]="35 days"
solution[76]="c"
reference[76]="Worker bees are short lived in the summer. An adult worker life expectancy at this time is between 28 and 32 days. Winter adult bees may live 6 months or longer."

question[77]="Adult drones live longer than worker bees."
choice77[1]="True"
choice77[2]="False"
choice77[3]=""
choice77[4]=""
solution[77]="b"
reference[77]="Even though workers do more than drones, workers can expect to live 1 to 2 weeks longer than a drone. Adult drones live about three weeks in the summer. They are usually expelled from the hive and rapidly die during the winter."

question[78]="Drones have a mother and a father."
choice78[1]="True"
choice78[2]="False"
choice78[3]=""
choice78[4]=""
solution[78]="b"
reference[78]="A drone has no father. They are haploid, receiving only a single set of chromosomes from his mother."

question[79]="All of a queen's sons are identical."
choice79[1]="True"
choice79[2]="False"
choice79[3]=""
choice79[4]=""
solution[79]="b"
reference[79]="Drones receive their genes only from their mother. The resulting haploid drones, however, are not identical. The queen has a double set of chromosomes, half from her mother and half from her father. Her sons (drones) receive chromosomes from either the queen's mother or her father."

question[80]="Which of these bee diseases is most likely to kill a colony?"
choice80[1]="European Foulbrood"
choice80[2]="Chalkbrood"
choice80[3]="American Foulbrood"
choice80[4]="Nosema Disease"
solution[80]="c"
reference[80]="If left unchecked any disease can cause a colony to die. However, American Foulbrood is capable of destroying a hive and an entire apiary. Spores from AFB are naturally occuring and highly persistent. It will kill a hive faster than any other disease."

question[81]="Which of these bee diseases is likely to be spread by feeding pollen from a pollen trap?"
choice81[1]="European Foulbrood"
choice81[2]="Chalkbrood"
choice81[3]="Sacbrood"
choice81[4]="Nosema Disease"
solution[81]="b"
reference[81]="Spores from chalkbrood and American foulbrood can be found in pollen in pollen traps, particularly traps placed below a hive."

question[82]="American foulbrood is a naturally occurring bacteria found all around a beehive."
choice82[1]="True"
choice82[2]="False"
choice82[3]=""
choice82[4]=""
solution[82]="a"
reference[82]="AFB occurs nearly everywhere in nature. Spores from the bacteria can be picked up by foraging bees and brought back to infect the hive."

question[83]="The fungus that causes chalkbrood, 'Ascosphaera apis', thrives in cool, damp conditions."
choice83[1]="True"
choice83[2]="False"
choice83[3]=""
choice83[4]=""
solution[83]="a"
reference[83]="Most fungi thrive in cool, damp conditions. A. apis' optimal temperature for growth and formation of fruiting bodies is about 85°F (30°C), only a slight reduction from the normal 95°F (35°C) brood temperature."

question[84]="Which of these insects is a pest of honey bees?"
choice84[1]="Small Hive Beetle"
choice84[2]="Greater Wax Moth"
choice84[3]="Bee Lice"
choice84[4]="All of the above"
solution[84]="d"
reference[84]="SHB and the wax moth are major pests of the honey bee. The bee louse is a minor pest that cause little harm to adult workers and queens."

question[85]="Which of these honey bee pests lays eggs in cracks and crevices of a hive, on pollen reserves, and punctures cappings to access honey bee pupae cells?"
choice85[1]="Tracheal Mite"
choice85[2]="Acarapis dorsalis"
choice85[3]="Bee Louse"
choice85[4]="Small Hive Beetle"
solution[85]="d"
reference[85]="A new pest to North America, Australia, and Europe, the small hive beetle’s egg laying habits are similar to the wax moth. They lay eggs in areas inaccessible to bees."

question[86]="Which of the following insects is a major pest of the honey bee in South Africa?"
choice86[1]="Small Hive Beetle"
choice86[2]="Large Hive Beetle"
choice86[3]="Bee Lice"
choice86[4]="Robber Fly"
solution[86]="b"
reference[86]="The large hive beetle causes considerable financial damage to bee hives where it is found. The other pests on this list are considered minor pests in South Africa."

question[87]="Which honey bee pest lives within an adult honey bee's respiratory tract?"
choice87[1]="Tracheal Mite"
choice87[2]="Greater Wax Moth"
choice87[3]="Bee Louse"
choice87[4]="Varroa mite"
solution[87]="a"
reference[87]="The honey bee tracheal mite, 'Acarapis woodi', is an internal parasitic mite, found in the trachea and air sacs of honey bees."

question[88]="Which of these honey bee pests lay eggs in cracks and crevices of hive boxes, frames, and on combs?"
choice88[1]="Honey Bee Tracheal Mite"
choice88[2]="Greater Wax Moth"
choice88[3]="Bee Lice"
choice88[4]="Varroa mite"
solution[88]="b"
reference[88]="The greater wax moth, 'Galleria mellonella', usually lays eggs in areas of the hive protected from access by honey bees."

question[89]="Noise and vibration cause honey bees to cluster together and appear docile."
choice89[1]="True"
choice89[2]="False"
choice89[3]=""
choice89[4]=""
solution[89]="b"
reference[89]="Honey bees respond aggressively towards loud noises and vibrations. They may swarm onto and attempt to sting lawn mowers, weedeaters, and chain saws operated near their nest."

question[90]="Which bee disease causes the mummification of brood?"
choice90[1]="Kashmir bee virus"
choice90[2]="Sacbrood"
choice90[3]="Stonebrood"
choice90[4]="American foulbrood"
solution[90]="c"
reference[90]="Stonebrood and Chalkbrood result in the mummification of honey bee brood."

question[91]="Which of the following is not a type of foundation used in a bee hive?"
choice91[1]="Thin surplus wax"
choice91[2]="Wired wax"
choice91[3]="Plastic"
choice91[4]="Wooden"
solution[91]="d"
reference[91]="Thin surplus foundation is used in the production of cut comb honey. Wired, or crimped-wire, foundation is comb used in an extractor. A number of different plastic foundation products are also available."

question[92]="What is the standard height of a 'deep' hive body?"
choice92[1]="4 13/16 inches"
choice92[2]="5 11/16 inches"
choice92[3]="6 5/8 inches"
choice92[4]="9 5/8 inches"
solution[92]="d"
reference[92]="A deep or brood box is generally used for brood production, not honey storage. A Jumbo Box, 11 3/4 inches high, is also used as a brood chamber."

question[93]="What is the standard height of a medium depth super."
choice93[1]="4 13/16 inches"
choice93[2]="5 11/16 inches"
choice93[3]="6 5/8 inches"
choice93[4]="9 5/8 inches"
solution[93]="c"
reference[93]="Smaller boxes are lighter when full of honey. They are more often used for storage of honey. The medium depth hive doubles in use as a brood chamber and honey storage."

question[94]="Which of these boxes would not be used for cut comb production?"
choice94[1]="Section"
choice94[2]="Shallow"
choice94[3]="Medium"
choice94[4]="Deep"
solution[94]="d"
reference[94]="Thinner foundation is needed to produce comb honey. The larger frames of the deep hive body with thin surplus foundation will not support a full frame of honey."

question[95]="What is a following board used for in beekeeping?"
choice95[1]="Sectioning off hive bodies into smaller sizes"
choice95[2]="Chasing after and catching a swarm"
choice95[3]="Carrying equipment between hives"
choice95[4]="Transporting honey supers for extraction"
solution[95]="a"
reference[95]="A following board is a thin divider used in place of a frame. These are used to divide hives with small populations of bees. It reduces the area a colonies must care for and protect from pests and robbing bees."

question[96]="A manipulation cloth is used to reduce robbing and aggressive behavior in honey bees."
choice96[1]="True"
choice96[2]="False"
choice96[3]=""
choice96[4]=""
solution[96]="a"
reference[96]="A manipulation cloth is laid down over exposed frames after opening a hive. The cloth is moved to uncover frames for removal. This reduces light exposure and aggetation of bees in a hive during inspection."

question[97]="Which of the following is a standard feeder used to feed sugar water in a beehive?"
choice97[1]="Boardman"
choice97[2]="Division Board"
choice97[3]="Top"
choice97[4]="All of the above"
solution[97]="d"
reference[97]="There are a number of feeders used to feed sugar water to bees. Each has advantages and disadvantages in their use. Beekeepers must decide which works best for their management goals and needs."

question[98]="What is the West small hive beetle trap?"
choice98[1]="Trap that sits on bottom board below brood chamber"
choice98[2]="Jar trap attached to underside of bottom board"
choice98[3]="Rectangular trap fitted to hive entrance"
choice98[4]="Pheromone trap hung in apiary."
solution[98]="a"
reference[98]="Placed on top of a bottom board, the West Trap was developed to reduce small hive beetle populations in infested hives. The lid on top of the West beetle tray has almost 300 small slots, which beetles pass through to get away from bees. The slots lead directly to a tray which is filled with vegetable oil. The small hive beetles suffocate and die in the vegetable oil."

question[99]="How much water should be added to one pound of granulated sugar to obtain a 2:1 Sugar water mixture?"
choice99[1]="1 Cup"
choice99[2]="1 Pint"
choice99[3]="1 Quart"
choice99[4]="1 Gallon"
solution[99]="a"
reference[99]="2:1 syrup is used in emergency feeding in a bee hive, usually during winter months. A gallon of water weighs approximately 8 pounds. One cup of water weighs 1/2 pound."

question[100]="Among beekeepers and apiculturist, what does the term 'Hygienic Behavior' mean?"
choice100[1]="The level of grooming activity among worker bees"
choice100[2]="Detection and removal of debris from a hive"
choice100[3]="Removal of queen fecal material"
choice100[4]="Ability to detect and remove abnormal or diseased brood"
solution[100]="d"
reference[100]="Hygienic behavior was first identified in hives resistant to American foulbrood. Adult honey bees detect diseased or abnormal brood, open the wax capping and remove the affected larva or pupa."

question[101]="When two or more are present in a hive, virgin queens will fight to the death until only one is left to 'rule'."
choice101[1]="True"
choice101[2]="False"
choice101[3]=""
choice101[4]=""
solution[101]="a"
reference[101]="Regardless of their relatedness, virgin queens fight to kill each other. Only one queen will survive to 'rule' or maintain a colony."

question[102]="Worker honey bees produced in the late spring or early summer live longer than those produced in late summer and early fall."
choice102[1]="True"
choice102[2]="False"
choice102[3]=""
choice102[4]=""
solution[102]="b"
reference[102]="Workers produced in fall generally live through winter with an average life span of 140 days. Those produced in early summer have a much shorter life span of 15-38 days."

question[103]="The life span of a worker honey bee is shortened by brood rearing activity."
choice103[1]="True"
choice103[2]="False"
choice103[3]=""
choice103[4]=""
solution[103]="a"
reference[103]="Brood rearing activities deplete protein stored in the hypopharyngeal glands and fat bodies. As these resources are exhausted a worker’s life span is reduced."

question[104]="Workers sometimes provide emerging queens with food as they chew their way out of a queen cell."
choice104[1]="True"
choice104[2]="False"
choice104[3]=""
choice104[4]=""
solution[104]="a"
reference[104]="On occasion a queen may stop cutting open the capping of her cell to stick her tongue through for food from an attendant worker bee."

question[105]="How do honey bees usually communicate with each other in a hive."
choice105[1]="Visual"
choice105[2]="Auditory"
choice105[3]="Chemical"
choice105[4]="All of the above"
solution[105]="d"
reference[105]="While bees will use all of these methods of communications, the most common and widely used is chemical. Pheromones are used by the queen, workers, and drones to relate colony conditions and needs."

question[106]="Drone presence during the Winter indicates that the queen continued to lay eggs throughout the Fall and Winter."
choice106[1]="True"
choice106[2]="False"
choice106[3]=""
choice106[4]=""
solution[106]="b"
reference[106]="Drone production and tolerance of drones by workers in the winter is an indication of a failing queen or queenless hive. Drones are normally evicted from the hive during winter to conserve resources."

question[107]="Honey bee visual spectrum includes colors in the red and infrared."
choice107[1]="True"
choice107[2]="False"
choice107[3]=""
choice107[4]=""
solution[107]="b"
reference[107]="Insect visual spectrum includes ultraviolet but does not reach into the infrared or red colors."

question[108]="What honey bee behavior enhances their ability to survive winter cold."
choice108[1]="Food storage"
choice108[2]="Nest site selection"
choice108[3]="Clustering"
choice108[4]="All of the above"
solution[108]="d"
reference[108]="Honey bees have developed behavior that as a colony allows them to survive temperatures that would kill individual bees. In addition to clustering, food storage, and nest site selection they also produce fat bodies, evict non-contributing members (drones), and have large populations."

question[109]="How many molts will honey bee larvae undergo during development."
choice109[1]="Three"
choice109[2]="Four"
choice109[3]="Five"
choice109[4]="Six"
solution[109]="c"
reference[109]="The external skin or skeleton limits the size of an insect. Inorder to continue growing larvae must shed their exoskeleton, a process called moulting. With each progressive molt honey bee larvae become larger and consume more food."

question[110]="The queen controls the activities and behavior of workers in a hive."
choice110[1]="True"
choice110[2]="False"
choice110[3]=""
choice110[4]=""
solution[110]="b"
reference[110]="The queen honey bee influences social structure of the hive by releasing pheromones. However, she does not direct nor organizes specific worker bee activities."

question[111]="Which of the following is important in the successful rearing of a queen honey bee?"
choice111[1]="Workers"
choice111[2]="Food (honey & pollen)"
choice111[3]="Drones"
choice111[4]="All of the above"
solution[111]="d"
reference[111]="The successful raising of a queen requires an adequate attendant worker population, abundant supplies of honey and pollen, and an adequate drone population available for mating. Continuous feeding of sugar syrup is recommended to optimize conditions for the production of the queen cells and, with large quantities of pollen, to produce large amounts of royal jelly."

question[112]="Which dance in honey bees is used to 'communicate' information about the distance, direction, and quality of a nectar source more than 100 meters from the hive."
choice112[1]="Round"
choice112[2]="Waggle"
choice112[3]="Transition"
choice112[4]="Break"
solution[112]="b"
reference[112]="The waggle dance communicates information about the distance, direction and quality of food sources. The round dance is used for resources within close proximity (less than 15m) of the hive."

question[113]="The dance 'language' in the honey bee is used to recruit foragers to sources of nectar, pollen, and water."
choice113[1]="True"
choice113[2]="False"
choice113[3]=""
choice113[4]=""
solution[113]="a"
reference[113]="Nectar or water is distributed by dancing bees to potential foragers while doing their dance. Pollen resources are distributed by antennal contact of potential recruits during dances."

question[114]="Alarm pheromone emitted by worker bees recruits other workers to attack predators and beekeepers disturbing the hive."
choice114[1]="True"
choice114[2]="False"
choice114[3]=""
choice114[4]=""
solution[114]="a"
reference[114]="An odor of bananas from a hive indicates the release of alarm pheromone. Smoke will help mask the odor and calm bees."

question[115]="Varroa mite are an external parasite that feeds on larvae, pupae, and adult bees."
choice115[1]="True"
choice115[2]="False"
choice115[3]=""
choice115[4]=""
solution[115]="a"
reference[115]="Varroa mites feed through the soft tissue of intersegmental membranes in adult bees. In capped cells, these mites feed on late instar larvae and developing pupae."

question[116]="Nurse bees make a mixture of honey and pollen to feed to brood."
choice116[1]="True"
choice116[2]="False"
choice116[3]=""
choice116[4]=""
solution[116]="b"
reference[116]="Brood food is a combination of honey, pollen, and enzymatic secretions from worker bees."

question[117]="Worker honey bees respond aggressively to which colors?"
choice117[1]="White"
choice117[2]="Black"
choice117[3]="Yellow"
choice117[4]="All of the above"
solution[117]="b"
reference[117]="Honey bees respond aggressively to rapid motion, loud noises, and dark colors."

question[118]="Any worker larvae can become a queen if she recieves:"
choice118[1]="More space"
choice118[2]="More light"
choice118[3]="More food"
choice118[4]="All of the above"
solution[118]="c"
reference[118]="Any worker, diploid, larvae can grow into a queen if they are given more care from nurse bees with food containing more sugar and higher amounts of protein."

question[119]="What is the flight radius from a hive for a foraging worker bee."
choice119[1]="1/2 mile"
choice119[2]="1 mile"
choice119[3]="2 miles"
choice119[4]="5 miles"
solution[119]="c"
reference[119]="Worker bees normally fly upto 2 miles from their hive to find food. They are opportunistic flying only as far as needed to obtain food for the hive. Available food and distance needed to fly is dependent on the location of the hive and nearby nectar sources. Beekeepers should select apiary sights rich in year round food and water sources."

question[120]="Hives should be insulated during the winter to ensure survival of the colony during cold weather?"
choice120[1]="True"
choice120[2]="False"
choice120[3]=""
choice120[4]=""
solution[120]="b"
reference[120]="Insulating a hive in temperate, like tropical, areas usually does not improve winter survival. Clusters with sufficient food can survive freezing temperatures for periods of weeks or months."

question[121]="Which of these stimuli help foraging bees find flowering plants."
choice121[1]="Odor"
choice121[2]="Color"
choice121[3]="Other bees"
choice121[4]="All of the above"
solution[121]="d"
reference[121]="Foraging bees are attracted to floral odors and colors. Returning forager bees can give direction and even distance to flower plants through dances in the hive."

question[122]="A chemical odor is emitted from drone cells to attract nurse bees."
choice122[1]="True"
choice122[2]="False"
choice122[3]=""
choice122[4]=""
solution[122]="a"
reference[122]="Glyceryl-1,2 dioleate-3 palmitate is a pheromone produced by drone pupae. It attracts worker nurse bees to peripheral edges of the comb where drone cells are located."

question[123]="Which of the following is a major nectar producing plant?"
choice123[1]="Maples"
choice123[2]="Tupelo"
choice123[3]="Apple"
choice123[4]="All of the above"
solution[123]="b"
reference[123]="Maples and apple trees provide early season pollen. But, these plants produce very little nectar. Tupelo trees produce large quantities of nectar that is slow to crystalize."

question[124]="Honey from canola or rape nectar crystalizes rapidly."
choice124[1]="True"
choice124[2]="False"
choice124[3]=""
choice124[4]=""
solution[124]="a"
reference[124]="Canola honey can crystallize rapidly, often before it is removed from the hive."

question[125]="Drone bees are more sensitive to odors than either workers or queens."
choice125[1]="True"
choice125[2]="False"
choice125[3]=""
choice125[4]=""
solution[125]="a"
reference[125]="Antennal plate organs are used to detect volatile pheromones. Drones primarily utilize them to locate virgin queens in flight. At 30,000, a drone antenna possesses 10 times the number of olfactory plate organs found in a worker bee and about 20 times those in a queen antenna."

question[126]="In addition to the brain, the honey bee nervous system consists of how many ganglia in its body."
choice126[1]="Four"
choice126[2]="Eight"
choice126[3]="Five"
choice126[4]="Seven"
solution[126]="d"
reference[126]="The seven ganglia, or nerve centers located at various junctions of the bee body, perform much of the neural control of movement and other bodily functions."

question[127]="Introducing a new queen to a colony that has laying workers is relatively easy."
choice127[1]="True"
choice127[2]="False"
choice127[3]=""
choice127[4]=""
solution[127]="b"
reference[127]="Although infertile, a laying worker is considered to be the queen by her colony sisters. Any introduced queen is normally killed."

question[128]="Any swarm management program should included queen replacement."
choice128[1]="True"
choice128[2]="False"
choice128[3]=""
choice128[4]=""
solution[128]="b"
reference[128]="Swarming is believed to be caused by poor distribution of 'queen substance' in the hive due to congestion within the brood area. Older queens produce less queen substances. A hive with a two or three year old queen is more likely to swarm. Colonies with a new or young queen from the current year rarely swarm. Requeening every other year can reduce the incidence of swarming."

question[129]="European honey bee colonies can be taken over by an African honey bee swarm."
choice129[1]="True"
choice129[2]="False"
choice129[3]=""
choice129[4]=""
solution[129]="a"
reference[129]="Africanized honey bee swarms often enter weak European colonies, replace the European queen with their Africanized queen, and ultimately turn the colony Africanized."

question[130]="What is the chief cause for swarming in a hive?"
choice130[1]="Crowding in the brood chamber"
choice130[2]="Low food supplies"
choice130[3]="Increased drone population"
choice130[4]="Warming spring temperatures"
solution[130]="a"
reference[130]="The reasons for swarming are not fully understood. However, crowding of adult workers in the brood chamber is a chief cause for swarming."

question[131]="Dust pesticides are the least hazardous pesticide formulation to bees."
choice131[1]="True"
choice131[2]="False"
choice131[3]=""
choice131[4]=""
solution[131]="b"
reference[131]="Types and formulations of pesticides vary in toxicity to bees. With few exceptions, pesticides applied as dusts are more hazardous to honey bees than those applied as sprays."

question[132]="Insecticides applied during cold temperatures increases their hazard to bees."
choice132[1]="True"
choice132[2]="False"
choice132[3]=""
choice132[4]=""
solution[132]="a"
reference[132]="Cool temperatures decrease the breakdown, or half-life, of pesticides. Insecticide applied during cold temperatures also persist longer and increase the hazard to honey bees."

question[133]="How is an 'introduction cage' used by a beekeeper?"
choice133[1]="Introduce a package to a new hive"
choice133[2]="Introduce a swarm back to the parent hive"
choice133[3]="Introduce a queen to a queenless hive"
choice133[4]="Introduce new foundation to an established hive"
solution[133]="c"
reference[133]="An introduction cage placed over emerging brood helps to improve the introduction of a new queen into a hive."

question[134]="Workers are less accepting of queens in the egg-laying condition than Virgin queens introduced to a colony."
choice134[1]="True"
choice134[2]="False"
choice134[3]=""
choice134[4]=""
solution[134]="b"
reference[134]="Bees will more readily accept a queen of the same physiological condition as their own queen. Introduction of a virgin queen, even within a few hours of emergence, is usually unsuccessful."

question[135]="Yellow jackets are a serious pest of honey bees."
choice135[1]="True"
choice135[2]="False"
choice135[3]=""
choice135[4]=""
solution[135]="a"
reference[135]="Yellow jackets populations continue to increase through spring and summer months. Females found in a hive may become a menace around honey bee hives. They steal honey and kill honey bee adults and brood."

question[136]="Which one of the following pests would you try to control by using Y-Tex GuardStar?"
choice136[1]="Greater wax moth"
choice136[2]="Skunk"
choice136[3]="Yellow jacket"
choice136[4]="Small hive beetle"
solution[136]="d"
reference[136]="When applied to the soil around beehives, GuardStar helps to control pupating larvae and adult Small Hive Beetles. The active ingredient in GuardStar, permethrin, is highly toxic to honey bees."

question[137]="Apistan is labeled by the EPA to control:"
choice137[1]="Bee lice within a colony"
choice137[2]="Tracheal mites on adult bees"
choice137[3]="Varroa mites within a colony"
choice137[4]="Small hive beetle pupae in the soil"
solution[137]="c"
reference[137]="Apistan is fluvalinate impregnated strips hung between frames to contol Varroa mites."

question[138]="Insecticides applied in the vicinity of the hive are most likely to affect which worker bee?"
choice138[1]="Nurse bees"
choice138[2]="Guard bees"
choice138[3]="House bees"
choice138[4]="Field bees"
solution[138]="d"
reference[138]="Field Bees are more likely to come into contact with pesticides outside the hive. Nurse, guard, and house bees spend less time outside the hive than foraging field bees."

question[139]="Which characteristic is least important in judging the quality of a queen?"
choice139[1]="Brood pattern"
choice139[2]="Size"
choice139[3]="Color"
choice139[4]="Temperament of the colony"
solution[139]="c"
reference[139]="Queen color can be helpful in locating her on a frame of bees. However, other qualities, like brood pattern, hive temperament, disease susceptibility, swarming tendency, honey production, and propolis buildup are more important characteristics of hive production and success."

question[140]="A hole in the side of a queen cell most likely means:"
choice140[1]="A new queen emerged from the cell"
choice140[2]="A rival virgin queen is in the colony"
choice140[3]="Wax moth damage"
choice140[4]="Workers are preparing to swarm"
solution[140]="b"
reference[140]="Newly emerged virgin queens will seek out rival queens and destroy queen cells. The virgin chews a hole in the side of the cell and stings the developing queen inside."

question[141]="Why will a queen sometimes lay multiple eggs in a cell?"
choice141[1]="Too young"
choice141[2]="Nosema disease"
choice141[3]="Inadequate space to lay"
choice141[4]="Two queens in hive"
solution[141]="c"
reference[141]="Mated queens laying multiple eggs per cell is an indication that the queen has low sperm numbers or does not have adequate space to lay eggs, such as in a nucleus colony or observation hive."

question[142]="Why should a swarm be requeened shortly after it is established in a hive?"
choice142[1]="Swarm queens are usually older"
choice142[2]="Swarm queens are prone to failing"
choice142[3]="Swarm queens are more likely to swarm again"
choice142[4]="All of the above"
solution[142]="d"
reference[142]="Primary swarms are the first swarms from the parent colony. They normally include the old queen from the parent colony that swarmed. Swarming increases with the age of the queen. Older queens contain less sperm, produce fewer eggs, and are more likely to be superceded."

question[143]="What are the most favorable conditions for bees robbing another hive?"
choice143[1]="Nectar dearth"
choice143[2]="Exposed honey"
choice143[3]="Weak hives"
choice143[4]="All of the above"
solution[143]="d"
reference[143]="Weak hives are unable to protect themselves against stronger hives in the area. They are especially vulnerable during a lull in honey flow or alternate nectar sources. Exposed unprotected supers, as when removing honey for extraction, are also vulnerable to robbing."

question[144]="Butyric anhydride is used to remove bees from honey supers for extraction."
choice144[1]="True"
choice144[2]="False"
choice144[3]=""
choice144[4]=""
solution[144]="a"
reference[144]="Phenol, Benzaldehyde, and Butyric anhydride have all been used in the past as a repellant to remove bees from honey supers. The offensive odors and potential for honey contamination have turned many beekeepers away from these chemicals. A newer, organic chemical product,'Bee-Quick', is also available."

question[145]="What is a reason for the appearance of tiny holes in honey cappings?"
choice145[1]="Too much smoke"
choice145[2]="Wax moth damage"
choice145[3]="Chewing by Varroa mites"
choice145[4]="Collapse of the cell cappings"
solution[145]="a"
reference[145]="The holes may represent honey cells that have not been fully closed by the bees. They may also be caused by workers chewing open capped cells to engorge with honey in response to too much smoke."

question[146]="A bee escape is an effective means of removing bees from a honey super, except when:"
choice146[1]="Entrance to the super is restricted to the escape."
choice146[2]="Warm day and cool nighttime temperatures."
choice146[3]="Brood is in the supers above the bee escape."
choice146[4]="All of the above"
solution[146]="c"
reference[146]="The presence of brood, high temperatures, and an alternative entry will make the bee escape ineffective. Bees are reluctant to leave brood unattended. Low night-time temperatures cause clustering. Gaps or holes in an upper super are points of reentry for a worker to return or allow robbing."

question[147]="What is an indication that a fume board with bee repellant is left on a hive too long?"
choice147[1]="Brown colored vapor is observed at the hive entrance."
choice147[2]="Bees pour out of the front entrance."
choice147[3]="There are no bees left in the super."
choice147[4]="All of the above"
solution[147]="b"
reference[147]="Fume boards in using a repellant is designed to force bees down from the upper supers to the lower hive boxes. If left on too long, the repellants will force the bees completely from the hive."

question[148]="Beekeepers should replace old comb in their hives to prevent:"
choice148[1]="Darker honey"
choice148[2]="Smaller bees"
choice148[3]="Disease"
choice148[4]="All of the above"
solution[148]="d"
reference[148]="Beekeepers usually prefer to retain old combs because comb building reduces honey production. Honey produced in old, dark comb, however, is usually darker in color. The adult bees may be smaller in size due to the buildup of pupal cocoons within the cell. And, old comb is a reservoir of disease, causing persistent problems for the honey bees."

question[149]="Adding supers to a hive just before a honey flow increases honey production."
choice149[1]="True"
choice149[2]="False"
choice149[3]=""
choice149[4]=""
solution[149]="a"
reference[149]="Foraging behavior can be increased by adding additional storage space in a hive. This stimulates worker bees to produce more honey."

question[150]="Large numbers of guard bees congregate at the hive entrance during a major honey flow to protect incoming nectar."
choice150[1]="True"
choice150[2]="False"
choice150[3]=""
choice150[4]=""
solution[150]="b"
reference[150]="The number of guard bees found in a colony is inversely related to the amount of forage available. Guard bee numbers decrease when the amount of nectar and/or pollen is abundant and increase with a nectar dearth."

question[151]="Hives become extremely aggressive and difficult for the beekeeper to manipulate after a visit by a skunk."
choice151[1]="True"
choice151[2]="False"
choice151[3]=""
choice151[4]=""
solution[151]="a"
reference[151]="Skunks visit a colony night after night disrupting the adult bees, depleting the bee population, and making the colony very aggressive and difficult to manage."

question[152]="Hygenic bees remove diseased larvae very quickly from a hive."
choice152[1]="True"
choice152[2]="False"
choice152[3]=""
choice152[4]=""
solution[152]="a"
reference[152]="Hygienic behavior is important in maintaining a healthy environment within the hive. Dead brood is normally removed very quickly by the house bees."

question[153]="Larvae affected with sacbrood appear normal until after they are sealed in their cells."
choice153[1]="True"
choice153[2]="False"
choice153[3]=""
choice153[4]=""
solution[153]="a"
reference[153]="Sacbrood virus multiplies in body tissue of young larvae. The larvae continue to appear normal until after they are sealed in their cells. In the last larval stage the thick, tough endocuticle remains undissolved. The brood die in their cells unable to shed their last skin."

question[154]="American foulbrood is an indication of poor colony management."
choice154[1]="True"
choice154[2]="False"
choice154[3]=""
choice154[4]=""
solution[154]="a"
reference[154]="Strong, well managed colonies have a greater chance of controlling diseases than weak colonies. Weak, diseased colonies are frequently robbed by the strong colonies in the area. The robber bees carry the disease back to the parent colony. Failure to detect or recognize the disease and response with appropriate action is poor management,"

question[155]="Newly emerged small hive beetle adults are strong fliers. After emergence the adult beetles may fly to uninfested apiaries."
choice155[1]="True"
choice155[2]="False"
choice155[3]=""
choice155[4]=""
solution[155]="a"
reference[155]="Most small hive beetle adults emerge after three to four weeks in the ground. Newly emerged beetles are quite active. They may fly 2 or more miles to find a host colony."

question[156]="Minimal use of smoke is important when attempting to find the queen in a hive."
choice156[1]="True"
choice156[2]="False"
choice156[3]=""
choice156[4]=""
solution[156]="a"
reference[156]="A colony should be disturbed as little as possible and smoke should be used sparingly when searching for a queen. The queen is normally found in the brood nest. When excessive amounts of smoke are used the queen often runs from the brood nest to hide within masses of bees in the corner or on the sides of the hive."

question[157]="Which honey bee life stage(s) is affected by the Varroa mite?"
choice157[1]="Adults only"
choice157[2]="Larvae only"
choice157[3]="Both adults and larvae"
choice157[4]="Adults, larvae and pupae"
solution[157]="d"
reference[157]="The Varroa mite feeds on all life stages of the honey bee except the egg. Reproducing female mites feed on late instar larvae and pupae. Immature mites feed on capped pupae. When not in capped cells, adult mites feed on adult bees."

question[158]="Which honey bee life stage(s) is affected by the Tracheal mite?"
choice158[1]="Adults only"
choice158[2]="Larvae only"
choice158[3]="Both adults and larvae"
choice158[4]="Adults, larvae and pupae"
solution[158]="a"
reference[158]="The tracheal mite lives in the trachea of the adult honey bee, feeding on hemolymph and reproducing."

question[159]="Which honey bee life stage(s) is affected by American foulbrood"
choice159[1]="Adults only"
choice159[2]="Larvae only"
choice159[3]="Both adults and larvae"
choice159[4]="Adults, larvae and pupae"
solution[159]="b"
reference[159]="The term ‘foulbrood’ denotes the foul odor from infected honey bee larvae, or brood."

question[160]="Which honey bee life stage(s) is affected by Nosema disease?"
choice160[1]="Adults only"
choice160[2]="Larvae only"
choice160[3]="Both adults and larvae"
choice160[4]="Adults, larvae and pupae"
solution[160]="a"
reference[160]="Nosema disease is a protozoa affecting adult honey bees. Spores enter the digestive track. After germination the disease grows in cells of the gut lining, disrupting ingestion of food."

question[161]="Which honey bee life stage(s) is affected by European foulbrood"
choice161[1]="Adults only"
choice161[2]="Larvae only"
choice161[3]="Both adults and larvae"
choice161[4]="Adults, larvae and pupae"
solution[161]="b"
reference[161]="Like American foulbrood, European foulbrood only affects the larvae of the honey bee."

question[162]="Which honey bee life stage(s) is affected by Paralysis?"
choice162[1]="Adults only"
choice162[2]="Larvae only"
choice162[3]="Both adults and larvae"
choice162[4]="Adults, larvae and pupae"
solution[162]="a"
reference[162]="Viral infection causing paralysis in adult honey bees."

question[163]="Which honey bee life stage(s) is affected by Chalkbrood?"
choice163[1]="Adults only"
choice163[2]="Larvae only"
choice163[3]="Both adults and larvae"
choice163[4]="Adults, larvae and pupae"
solution[163]="b"
reference[163]="The ‘brood’ in the name Chalkbrood denotes the affects of this fungus is limited to larvae."

question[164]="Which honey bee life stage(s) is affected by Sacbrood?"
choice164[1]="Adults only"
choice164[2]="Larvae only"
choice164[3]="Both adults and larvae"
choice164[4]="Adults, larvae and pupae"
solution[164]="b"
reference[164]="Sacbrood is a viral disease of honey bee larvae."

question[165]="Which honey bee life stage(s) is affected by Skunks?"
choice165[1]="Adults only"
choice165[2]="Larvae only"
choice165[3]="Both adults and larvae"
choice165[4]="Adults, larvae and pupae"
solution[165]="a"
reference[165]="Skunks are not strong enough to break open a hive. They disturb hives at night to induce adult honey bees to defend the hive. Once in the open, the vulnerable bees are eaten by the skunk."

question[166]="In the production of section comb honey, beekeepers should:"
choice166[1]="Use young queens"
choice166[2]="Have an abundance of empty comb in the brood nest."
choice166[3]="Use a bait section in the first comb honey section super"
choice166[4]="All of the above"
solution[166]="d"
reference[166]="Colonies used to make section comb honey should have fertile, productive young queens. The bee population is normally crowded into a single brood chamber. It is important to have an abundance of empty comb for the queen to lay in and reduce congestion in the brood nest to prevent swarming. A partially drawn section of comb, or bait section, in the center of the super will cause the bees to start to work in the section super more rapidly. A properly formed bait section has the cells on comb foundation uniformly drawn about one-eighth to one-quarter inch."

question[167]="Massive numbers of dying and dead bees at the colony entrance is the most common symptom of bee poisoning."
choice167[1]="True"
choice167[2]="False"
choice167[3]=""
choice167[4]=""
solution[167]="a"
reference[167]="A pile of dead bees outside the entrance or on the bottom of a hive is an indication that the bees may have died of chemical poisoning. Usually the proboscis of the dead bees will be extended."

question[168]="Which two diseases or maladies of the honey bee are diagnosed by dissecting adult bees?"
choice168[1]="Tracheal mites and American foulbrood"
choice168[2]="Varroa mites and Nosema"
choice168[3]="Tracheal mites and Nosema"
choice168[4]="American foulbrood and Paralysis"
solution[168]="c"
reference[168]="Tracheal mites are an internal parasite of adult honey bees. They are observed by dissecting the thoracic tracheae of infested bees. Nosema is caused by a spore forming protozoa diagnosed by observing the appearance and microscopic contents of an adult bee gut."

question[169]="Why is it important to remove a stinger as soon as possible from a person stung by a honey bee?"
choice169[1]="Reduce the amount of venom injected into the person."
choice169[2]="Prevent possible infection of the wound."
choice169[3]="Make the injured person feel better."
choice169[4]="Reduce the chance of person going into shock."
solution[169]="a"
reference[169]="Muscular contractions of the stinger will continue to pump venom into the person for a period of time. It is important to remove the stinger as soon as possible to limit the amount of venom received by the victim."

question[170]="Which of the following is not a characteristic of an ideal apiary location?"
choice170[1]="Wind block"
choice170[2]="South or Southeasterly exposure"
choice170[3]="Low lying secluded site"
choice170[4]="Nearby fresh water"
solution[170]="c"
reference[170]="Ideal apiary locations have a south/southeasterly exposure to receive early sunlight, wind block to reduce chilling, good air circulation to prevent stagnant air, elevated and well drained to reduce moisture, nearby supply of fresh water for bees to drink, and easy access so beekeepers may get to the bees."

question[171]="Who is known as the 'Father of Practical Beekeeping'?"
choice171[1]="Roger Morse"
choice171[2]="Charles Dadant"
choice171[3]="Lorenzo Langstroth"
choice171[4]="Moses Quinby"
solution[171]="c"
reference[171]="Rev. L.L. Langstoth is the considered the Father of Modern Beekeeping. His discovery of bee space was the bases for the development of the modern beehive with removable and interchangable frames of comb."

question[172]="What is the average temperature of a honey bee nest when brood is present?"
choice172[1]="72°F (22°C)"
choice172[2]="85°F (29°C)"
choice172[3]="93°F (34°C)"
choice172[4]="107°F (42°C)"
solution[172]="c"
reference[172]="The nest temperature must be high enough for honey bee larvae to develop. The optimal temperature is approximaltely 93 degrees fahrenheit or 34 degrees celsius. This temperature is maintained around the brood during winter and summer."

question[173]="What is the name of the process given to the change of insect life stages from egg to adult?"
choice173[1]="Mechanism"
choice173[2]="Metamorphosis"
choice173[3]="Metabolism"
choice173[4]="Mechanicsville"
solution[173]="b"
reference[173]="Honey bees undergo complete metamorphosis. This means that each life stage is nearly completely different in appearance and physiology from the previous or the nest stage. An example is the nondescriptive, but active, larval stage and the immobile, but rapidly changing, pupal stage."

question[174]="The adult honey bee has three body sections. The head and abdomen are two of the sections. Which of the following is the name of the third section?"
choice174[1]="Thorax"
choice174[2]="Mid-drift"
choice174[3]="Torso"
choice174[4]="Membrane"
solution[174]="a"
reference[174]="The throax, or thoracic section, is the middle body section of the adult honey bee."

question[175]="What is a bear after when it attacks a hive?"
choice175[1]="Honey"
choice175[2]="Brood"
choice175[3]="Adult bees"
choice175[4]="Both honey and brood"
solution[175]="d"
reference[175]="Bears attacking a bee hive are looking for food. Despite popular belief, bears like both honey and brood. Often they are after the protein from the brood. If not detected and deterred a bear can destroy an entire apiary."

question[176]="'Following the Bloom' is a term for which of the following?"
choice176[1]="A bees flight from flower to flower"
choice176[2]="Migratory beekeeping"
choice176[3]="Removal of honey after a nectar flow"
choice176[4]="A break in activity between nectar flows"
solution[176]="b"
reference[176]="Migratory beekeepers are commercial beekeeping operations that move from with the warming climate as crops or flowers successively start to bloom. They are actually 'following the bloom' to make a living through pollination of crops and honey production."

question[177]="Which of the following plant products is used by honey bees in the hive?"
choice177[1]="Nectar"
choice177[2]="Pollen"
choice177[3]="Resin"
choice177[4]="All of the above"
solution[177]="d"
reference[177]="Nectar is used to make honey. Pollen is the source of protein in brood food. Resin is used as propolis to waterproof and seal the interior of the beehive."

question[178]="Beekeepers increase their hive numbers by buying or making which of the following?"
choice178[1]="Package bees"
choice178[2]="Nuc colony"
choice178[3]="Split hive"
choice178[4]="All of the above"
solution[178]="d"
reference[178]="Splits, nucs,and packages are small versions of a hive. They each contain a sufficient number of workers and a queen to start a new hive."

question[179]="A Benton 3-hole cage is used to hold which of the following?"
choice179[1]="Queen"
choice179[2]="Drones"
choice179[3]="Pollen"
choice179[4]="Royal jelly"
solution[179]="a"
reference[179]="The Benton queen cage has been used for many years to ship queens to beekeepers and introduce a queen into a new hive."

question[180]="Pantyhose are a good filtering material to remove debris from honey during the extraction and bottling process."
choice180[1]="True"
choice180[2]="False"
choice180[3]=""
choice180[4]=""
solution[180]="b"
reference[180]="Although pantyhose is a porous, non-fiberous material it stretches as the weight of honey contained in it increases. This increases the pore size and allows larger sized material to pass through into stored or bottled honey."

question[181]="Which of the following is the best material for filter honey during the extraction and bottling process?"
choice181[1]="Cotton"
choice181[2]="Fleece"
choice181[3]="Nylon"
choice181[4]="Copper screen"
solution[181]="c"
reference[181]="Honey filtered through cotton and fleece will pick up fibers that are observable in the honey and may increase the rate of crystallization. Copper screening can give an off taste to honey and is the most expensive of the listed material. Nylon material is the cheapest and most effective cloth in filtering honey for bottling."

question[182]="Honey crystallizes because:"
choice182[1]="It is a super saturated sugar."
choice182[2]="The fructose to glucose ratio."
choice182[3]="Impurities in the liquid."
choice182[4]="All of the above"
solution[182]="d"
reference[182]="Honey is a over saturated suspension of sugar. Eventually the sugar will drop out of solution. The primary sugars are glucose and fructose. The high the fructose content the more rapidly is will crystallize. Impurities in the liquid suspension will increase the rate of crystallization giving sugar a surface or seed upon which to form a crystal."

question[183]="What temperatures will cause honey to crystallize fastest?"
choice183[1]="Below freezing (0°C)"
choice183[2]="Around 50°F (10°C)"
choice183[3]="About 80°F (27°C)"
choice183[4]="Above 95°F (32°C)"
solution[183]="b"
reference[183]="The Dice method for making creamed or spun honey requires refrigerating seeded liquid honey. The ideal temperature for this process is 55°F or 12°C."

question[184]="The Dice Method is used in making which of the following hive products?"
choice184[1]="Creamed Honey"
choice184[2]="Comb Honey"
choice184[3]="Wax Candles"
choice184[4]="Wax Foundation"
solution[184]="a"
reference[184]="The Dice method was developed at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. Revenue from this patented method of making creamed or spun honey was used to finance the Dice Laboratory at Cornell University."

question[185]="What is the sweet liquid excreted by aphids called?"
choice185[1]="Honeydew"
choice185[2]="Pine honey"
choice185[3]="Forest honey"
choice185[4]="All of the above"
solution[185]="d"
reference[185]="Honeydew is collected by honey bees because of it rich sugar content. Other names for this insect byproduct is Pine Honey and Forest Honey."

question[186]="What is the main component of nectar?"
choice186[1]="Water"
choice186[2]="Sucrose"
choice186[3]="Glucose"
choice186[4]="Pollen"
solution[186]="a"
reference[186]="Nectar consists of 60 to 80 percent water. In conversion to honey, the water content must be reduced to between 15% to 19% water."

question[187]="What is name of the enzyme used by honey bees to breakdown sucrose in nectar to fructose and glucose?"
choice187[1]="Fructase"
choice187[2]="Sucrase"
choice187[3]="Invertase"
choice187[4]="Glucose oxidase"
solution[187]="c"
reference[187]="Invertase breaks down sucrose into simple sugars, glucose (dextrose) and fructose (levulose)."

question[188]="Which of the following bottled honey product is a combination of honeycomb and liquid honey?"
choice188[1]="Chunk"
choice188[2]="Section"
choice188[3]="Extracted"
choice188[4]="Bulk"
solution[188]="a"
reference[188]="Chunk honey gets it's name from suspending a 'chunk' of honeycomb in a jar of liquid, extracted honey."

question[189]="What is the most popular style of squeezable bottle for liquid honey?"
choice189[1]="Angel"
choice189[2]="Bear"
choice189[3]="Queenline"
choice189[4]="Trimline"
solution[189]="b"
reference[189]="The plastic bear has been a popular and perhaps the most recognizable squeezable conatiner for honey bottling."

question[190]="Which of the following is a form of section comb honey?"
choice190[1]="Ross Round"
choice190[2]="Half-comb Cassette"
choice190[3]="Wooden Boxed Section"
choice190[4]="All of the above"
solution[190]="d"
reference[190]="Originally produced in wooden boxes, section comb is now being produced in circular Ross Rounds and plastic half section cassettes."

question[191]="Which of the following is not a term used for processed crystallized honey?"
choice191[1]="Creamed"
choice191[2]="Granulated"
choice191[3]="Spun"
choice191[4]="Whipped"
solution[191]="d"
reference[191]="Whipped honey is produced from whipping or beating liquid honey. All of the other terms are synonyms for crystallized or granulated honey."

question[192]="Dark honeys generally have a more pronounced, stronger flavor than white or amber honeys."
choice192[1]="True"
choice192[2]="False"
choice192[3]=""
choice192[4]=""
solution[192]="a"
reference[192]="Dark honeys tend to be stronger in flavor than lighter honeys. Lighter honeys are generally sweeter in taste. However, there is always the exception."

question[193]="What are signs of a nectar flow occurring?"
choice193[1]="Bees are in a good disposition."
choice193[2]="Odor of nectar in the apiary."
choice193[3]="Fresh white wax on the edges of drawn comb."
choice193[4]="All of the above"
solution[193]="d"
reference[193]="During a 'flow' abundant supplies of nectar are available to foraging bees. Large quantities of surplus honey are rapidly stored or converted to new, white wax. The bees in a hive are very active, mild mannered, and easy to work. With heavy flows, odor from the nectar being collected can be detected throughout the apiary."

question[194]="A super should not be added to a weak hive, even if a nectar flow is in progress."
choice194[1]="True"
choice194[2]="False"
choice194[3]=""
choice194[4]=""
solution[194]="a"
reference[194]="Weak colonies are unable to protect large areas of the hive. Adding a super to a weak hive will increase the occurrence of robbing by other bees. Unprotected areas are also vulnerable to wax moth damage."

question[195]="Reversing is used in which of the following management practices?"
choice195[1]="Swarm prevention"
choice195[2]="Supering"
choice195[3]="Queen introduction"
choice195[4]="Extraction"
solution[195]="a"
reference[195]="Placing the top brood box on the bottom board, or reversing the brood boxes, separates the brood nest or moves it to the bottom of the hive. This will spread out the worker population, giving more room to expand the next to reduce crowding. Crowding is a condition that promotes swarming."

question[196]="What is the term used for the condition when bees use only the middle frames for brood and honey storage of stacked hive boxes, ignoring the outer frames?"
choice196[1]="Piping"
choice196[2]="Tunnel"
choice196[3]="Chimney"
choice196[4]="Centering"
solution[196]="c"
reference[196]="Honey bees may only fill a few frames of honey in a super before moving to the next higher box, then the next. This is a condition called the Chimney Effect. It can be corrected by moving all brood and honey frames to lower boxes, or turning every other super around, front to back. The latter is especially helpful if chimney effect is to one side or the other in the super."

question[197]="Which of the following is most important in a hive for comb honey production?"
choice197[1]="Supers with new foundation"
choice197[2]="Large, crowded worker population"
choice197[3]="Older, experienced queen"
choice197[4]="New supers and frames"
solution[197]="b"
reference[197]="Larger worker populations are more productive, gather more honey, and fill honey frames more completely. Beekeepers should use hives with large crowded worker populations for the highest quality comb honey."

question[198]="Demaree is a method for controlling which of the following conditions in a bee hive?"
choice198[1]="Bear attacks"
choice198[2]="Queenlessness"
choice198[3]="Swarming"
choice198[4]="Wax moth"
solution[198]="c"
reference[198]="The Demaree technique is used to separate the queen from the brood nest while adding more space. The majority of the brood nest is moved to the top of the hive. The queen is secluded to the lower brood chamber by a queen excluder. And, a brood box or super is added between the brood chamber and queen section. Spreading out the workers to reduce crowding will control swarming activity in the hive."

question[199]="Which of the following technique should be used in adding supers to a hive for extracted honey production?"
choice199[1]="Top supering"
choice199[2]="Bottom supering"
choice199[3]="Middle supering"
choice199[4]="None of the above"
solution[199]="a"
reference[199]="Top supering is the adding of a super onto the topmost super in a hive. It is commonly used in production of extracted honey. It is easier and less time consuming than bottom supering."

question[200]="Which of the following method should be used to add supers onto a hive for comb honey production?"
choice200[1]="Top supering"
choice200[2]="Bottom supering"
choice200[3]="Middle supering"
choice200[4]="None of the above"
solution[200]="b"
reference[200]="The dirt and debris on cappings and in comb must be minimized in producing high quality comb honey. This is accomplished by reversing boxes when lower supers are nearly full and adding supers below existing supers on a hive. A method referred to as 'Bottom Supering'."

question[201]="When is the 'newspaper technique' used?"
choice201[1]="Clean around hives with dysentery."
choice201[2]="Starting a smoker with wet fuel."
choice201[3]="Absorb excessive moisture in a hive."
choice201[4]="Combining two or more hives into a single hive."
solution[201]="d"
reference[201]="A single sheet of newspaper should be placed between two hives being combined. Several 2 to 3 inch slits are cut in the paper to help bees to start chewing through the material. The slow joining of the hives allows the workers to adjust to the hive odors and new workers from foreign hives."

question[202]="Newspaper placed between two hives being combined can help workers accept foreign workers and queens."
choice202[1]="True"
choice202[2]="False"
choice202[3]=""
choice202[4]=""
solution[202]="a"
reference[202]="A single sheet of newspaper should be placed between two hives being combined. Several 2 to 3 inch slits are cut in the paper to help bees to start chewing through the material. The slow joining of the hives allows the workers to adjust to the hive odors and new workers from foreign hives."

question[203]="Which of the following can be used as fuel in a smoker?"
choice203[1]="Pine needles"
choice203[2]="Dryed grass"
choice203[3]="Wood chips"
choice203[4]="All of the above"
solution[203]="d"
reference[203]="Any dryed plant materials can be used to fuel a smoker. Materials like burlap, cotton cloth, dryed leaves, pine cones, and corn husks are used as fuel in a smoker. Beekeepers should avoid burning materials that have been exposed to toxic materials and chemicals."

question[204]="Which of the following is not a part of a smoker?"
choice204[1]="Smoke pot"
choice204[2]="Shield"
choice204[3]="Bellows"
choice204[4]="Finger joints"
solution[204]="d"
reference[204]="A bellows is used to pump air through a smoke pot to produce smoke from smoldering fuel in a smoker. The heat generated can accidentally burn a beekeeper if the smoker does not have a 'shield' around the smoke pot."

question[205]="What is the title of the movie about a commercial beekeeper which stars Peter Fonda?"
choice205[1]="A Walk in the Sun"
choice205[2]="Summer Gold"
choice205[3]="Uley's Gold"
choice205[4]="Living with the Bees"
solution[205]="c"
reference[205]="'Uley's Gold' is a favorite of beekeepers. It accurately depicts the trials and harshness of running a commercial beekeeping operation in Florida."

question[206]="Where is the greatest value for honey bees?"
choice206[1]="Honey"
choice206[2]="Wax"
choice206[3]="Pollination"
choice206[4]="Queens"
solution[206]="c"
reference[206]="At $14 billion pollination far exceeds the second highest hive production value in the United States, honey, at $250 million."

question[207]="What is the hive product that in Greek means 'defending the city'."
choice207[1]="Honey"
choice207[2]="Wax"
choice207[3]="Propolis"
choice207[4]="Comb"
solution[207]="c"
reference[207]="'Pro' means to defend against in Greek. The Greek word for city is 'polis'."

question[208]="How many frames are there in a standard Langstroth hive box?"
choice208[1]="8"
choice208[2]="9"
choice208[3]="10"
choice208[4]="12"
solution[208]="c"
reference[208]="The width of a modern or standard Langstroth style hive box allows for the use of 10 frames. Beekeepers may use 9 frames, particularly in a super, to allow easier and more complete decapping during the extraction process. Running 9 frames in a 10 frame box also permits an easier removal of frames."

question[209]="Screened bottom boards help control Varroa mites in a hive."
choice209[1]="True"
choice209[2]="False"
choice209[3]=""
choice209[4]=""
solution[209]="a"
reference[209]="Screened bottom boards are becoming standard equipment in a hive. The screening allow Varroa mites to fall through to the ground, removing them from the hive and reducing damage to the bees."

question[210]="What are the names of the two male parts of a flowering plant?"
choice210[1]="Stigma and Anther"
choice210[2]="Stamen and Anther"
choice210[3]="Stigma and Style"
choice210[4]="Style and Anther"
solution[210]="b"
reference[210]="The anther is the pollen producing, male, section of a flower. The anther is held up by the stamen."

question[211]="How is pollen moved between plants?"
choice211[1]="Insects"
choice211[2]="Wind"
choice211[3]="Water"
choice211[4]="All of the above"
solution[211]="d"
reference[211]="Pollen is most often moved by animals, like honey bees, and the wind. It may also be carried by water to other plants."

question[212]="What is fondant?"
choice212[1]="Pollen mixture"
choice212[2]="Sugar feed"
choice212[3]="Clean propolis"
choice212[4]="Requeening technique"
solution[212]="b"
reference[212]="Fondant is a mixture of sugar and corn syrup. It is fed to bees as a candy mixture."

question[213]="What is the best sugar:water mixture for emergency feeding during the winter to prevent starvation in a beehive?"
choice213[1]="2:1"
choice213[2]="1:1"
choice213[3]="1:2"
choice213[4]="2:3"
solution[213]="a"
reference[213]="It is important to feed as much sugar to bees as possible during winter emergency feeding. The sugar is used by the bees to generate body heat inside a cluster to survive cold temperatures."

question[214]="What is the typical sugar:water mixture fed to a beehive to stimulate brood production in the spring?"
choice214[1]="2:1"
choice214[2]="1:1"
choice214[3]="1:2"
choice214[4]="2:3"
solution[214]="c"
reference[214]="Only a low sugar concentration is needed to stimulate brood production in the spring. Small nectar flows are occurring to help feed workers and larvae. The low concentration of sugar helps to stimulate queen egg laying. The bees should have sufficient stores left over after winter to survive during short cold periods."

question[215]="Once a queen honey bee begins laying eggs she is no longer able to fly."
choice215[1]="True"
choice215[2]="False"
choice215[3]=""
choice215[4]=""
solution[215]="b"
reference[215]="Body weights increase to the point that most queens are unable to fly once they begin laying eggs. However, she may lose weight, particularly during swarming, allowing her to fly again."

question[216]="A worker bee has a mother and a father."
choice216[1]="True"
choice216[2]="False"
choice216[3]=""
choice216[4]=""
solution[216]="a"
reference[216]="Worker bees grow from fertilized eggs. They recieve genetic material from both their mother, the queen, and father, a drone."

question[217]="How much granulated sugar is added to 1 pint of water to make a 1:2 sugar water solution?"
choice217[1]="1/2 pound"
choice217[2]="1 pound"
choice217[3]="2 pounds"
choice217[4]="5 pounds"
solution[217]="a"
reference[217]="1:2 sugar syrup is used to stimulate brood production, usually during early spring months. A gallon of water weighs approximately 8 pounds. One pint of water weighs 1 pound. 1/2 pound of sugar added to 1 pint of warm water would yield a 1:2 sugar:water mixture."

question[218]="Which dance do honey bees use to 'communicate' information about the distance and quality of a nectar source less than 50 meters from the hive."
choice218[1]="Round"
choice218[2]="Waggle"
choice218[3]="Transition"
choice218[4]="Break"
solution[218]="a"
reference[218]="The waggle dance communicates information about the distance, direction and quality of food sources. The round dance is used to indicate resources in close proximity to the hive."

question[219]="Where would you place a Boardman Feeder to feed sugar syrup to a hive?"
choice219[1]="Outside the hive"
choice219[2]="Hive entrance"
choice219[3]="Inside hive box"
choice219[4]="On top of hive"
solution[219]="b"
reference[219]="A boardman feeder is typically an upside down quart jar equipped with a lid containing several small holes. The jar is placed in a holder and slid into the hive entrance. An advantage of the boardman feeder is beekeepers can easily see when the feeder is empty. However, it is prone to leakage, promotes robbing, and medications in the syrup rapidly breakdown in the sunlight."

question[220]="What is the standard height of a 'shallow' super?"
choice220[1]="4 13/16 inches"
choice220[2]="5 11/16 inches"
choice220[3]="6 5/8 inches"
choice220[4]="9 5/8 inches"
solution[220]="b"
reference[220]="Smaller boxes are lighter when full of honey. They are often used for storage of honey. Shallow supers are easier to carry and quickly extracted in hand operated or small motorized extractors."

question[221]="What is the traditional height of a section box, or super, used in comb production."
choice221[1]="4 13/16 inches"
choice221[2]="5 11/16 inches"
choice221[3]="6 5/8 inches"
choice221[4]="9 5/8 inches"
solution[221]="a"
reference[221]="Smaller boxes are lighter when full of honey. They are often used for storage of honey. The smaller depth boxes are filled faster and removed quicker. When used in production of comb honey they are filled more uniformly and have less tracks and other debris on the cappings. The smaller size also allows thin surplus foundation to provide sufficient support for honey filled comb."

question[222]="What is the function of queen substance in the hive?"
choice222[1]="Suppress worker ovary development"
choice222[2]="Suppress swarming"
choice222[3]="Suppress queen cell production"
choice222[4]="All of the above"
solution[222]="d"
reference[222]="Queen substance, a pheromone produced by queens, is distributed by workers throughout the hive. Production of sufficient amounts of this pheromone by the queen prevents workers from rearing replacement queens and queens prior to swarming. Queen substances also is a key trigger in suppressing ovary development in the imperfect female workers that make up the majority of the hive population."

question[223]="Which of the following is used by worker bees to control temperatures in the hive."
choice223[1]="Fanning at the entrance."
choice223[2]="Distribution of water around the hive."
choice223[3]="Sealing holes in nest wall with propolis."
choice223[4]="All of the above"
solution[223]="d"
reference[223]="Workers reduce temperatures in the hive during summer by fanning at the hive entrance to increase air circulation. They also place drops of water around the hive to lower temperature through evaporation. Sealing holes in the cavity wall of a nest helps in winter by reducing wind chill and escape of heat generated by the cluster."

question[224]="What plant product is used by honey bees to make propolis?"
choice224[1]="Nectar"
choice224[2]="Pollen"
choice224[3]="Resin"
choice224[4]="Leaves"
solution[224]="c"
reference[224]="Propolis is made of resin collected by bees from trees. It is used to line the interior cavity of a bee hive or nest and to fill holes in the exterior wall. It contains antimicrobial properties that reduce diseases in the bee hive."

question[225]="Which of the following plants produces large quantities of pollen but a poor nectar producer?"
choice225[1]="Maples"
choice225[2]="Tupelo"
choice225[3]="Clover"
choice225[4]="Thistle"
solution[225]="a"
reference[225]="Maples provide early season pollen. But, these plants produce very little nectar. Tupelo trees, clover, and thistle plants produce large quantities of nectar for honey production."

question[226]="Which hive occupant has the largest eyes?"
choice226[1]="Queen"
choice226[2]="Worker"
choice226[3]="Drone"
choice226[4]="All the same"
solution[226]="c"
reference[226]="A drone's compound eyes are the largest of the hive members. Their eyes are so large they connect at the top of the head."

question[227]="What is the common name of the 'corbicula' on a worker bee?"
choice227[1]="Honey stomach"
choice227[2]="Antennae"
choice227[3]="Pollen basket"
choice227[4]="Hind leg"
solution[227]="c"
reference[227]="Corbicula is a collection of long hairs on the hind legs of worker honey bees. Bees brush pollen granules from their body and legs into the hairs of the corbicula. The hairs hold the resulting balls of pollen during transport back to a hive. It is commonly referred to as a 'Pollen Basket'."

question[228]="What are nectar guides?"
choice228[1]="Specialized petals on a flower surrounding nectar"
choice228[2]="Workers that direct other bees to nectar sources"
choice228[3]="Ultraviolet lines on petals pointing to nectar in flowers"
choice228[4]="Another name for the part of the flower holding the anthers"
solution[228]="c"
reference[228]="Honey bee vision reaches into the ultraviolet spectrum. Foraging bees follow UV lines on petals to the nectar. By reversing the petals workers are found to move to the tips of flowers rather than down to the nectar."

question[229]="Honey bees are color blind."
choice229[1]="True"
choice229[2]="False"
choice229[3]=""
choice229[4]=""
solution[229]="b"
reference[229]="Honey bees, though different than mammals, are able to see a wide spectrum of colors. By using different colors and designs on a hive entrance beekeepers can reduce workers drifting between hives."

question[230]="Which of the following is not a method of swarm prevention?"
choice230[1]="Reversing hive bodies with brood"
choice230[2]="Requeening annually"
choice230[3]="Clipping a queen's wing(s)"
choice230[4]="Adding supers to a hive"
solution[230]="c"
reference[230]="Swarming is caused by reduction in queen substance triggering queen rearing in worker bees. Clipping a queen's wings will not prevent workers from producing queen cells and eventually swarm."

question[231]="Which of the following is not an accurate method for determining the age of a queen?"
choice231[1]="Clipped wing"
choice231[2]="Damage to wings"
choice231[3]="Color paint on the throax"
choice231[4]="Body color"
solution[231]="d"
reference[231]="A single clipped wing, as in left wing clipped on odd year and right on even, used consistantly can help beekeepers know the queen's age up to two years. An internationally recognized color coding system with paint applied to the queen's thorax will indicate the year the queen was raised up to 5 years. Wing damage, reduced body hairs, and other conditions of the body are indications of a queens age."

question[232]="What is the average temperature of a honey bee nest in the winter when brood is not present?"
choice232[1]="72°F (22°C)"
choice232[2]="85°F (29°C)"
choice232[3]="93°F (34°C)"
choice232[4]="107°F (42°C)"
solution[232]="a"
reference[232]="The nest temperature must be maintained at approximately 93°F (34°C) when brood is present for honey bee larvae to develop. However, a lower temperature can be observed in the hive in the early winter when the queen stops laying eggs and brood is not present. The temperature is sufficient to keep the queen and adult workers alive without expending excessive energy and amounts of stored food."

question[233]="'Telling the Bees' is an tradition for which of the following events?"
choice233[1]="Warning of inspection"
choice233[2]="Departure for pollination"
choice233[3]="Death of the bee's owner"
choice233[4]="Upcoming beekeeper meeting"
solution[233]="c"
reference[233]="It is traditional for family members to literally tell the bees of an owners death. It was believed this would help the bees accept a new owner, or beekeeper, working the hive."

question[234]="'Tinning' is a folk tradition for capturing which of the following?"
choice234[1]="A Queen"
choice234[2]="A Swarm"
choice234[3]="Wax moths"
choice234[4]="Honey robbers"
solution[234]="b"
reference[234]="The practice was originally used in ancient Rome to let property owners know a beekeeper was chasing a swarm from his hive. Many beekeepers erroneously believe hitting metal pans together, or 'tinning', will cause a swarm to land faster and be captured."

question[235]="Which of the following is not a typical material used in manufacturing gloves for beekeepers?"
choice235[1]="Heavy cloth"
choice235[2]="Leather"
choice235[3]="Paper"
choice235[4]="Plastic"
solution[235]="c"
reference[235]="When working in a beehive most beestings occur on the fingers and wrist. Beekeepers wear gloves to protect their hands from being stung. Most of these gloves are made of cloth, leather, or vinyl (plastic)."

question[236]="A hive frame consists of a top bar, bottom bar, and which of the following?"
choice236[1]="Vertical bar"
choice236[2]="End bar"
choice236[3]="Lateral bar"
choice236[4]="Neighborhood bar"
solution[236]="b"
reference[236]="The two end bars of a hive frame supports the top and bottom bars. Wire positioned horizontally between the end bars provides added support to foundation and eventually comb."

question[237]="Which of the following is not a term used for a beehive?"
choice237[1]="Gum"
choice237[2]="Skep"
choice237[3]="Top Bar"
choice237[4]="Round"
solution[237]="d"
reference[237]="Gums and skeps are older terms used for beehives without removable frames. Gums were typically hollow logs. Skeps are normally made of woven straw. The Kenya Top Bar hive has been used successfully in Africa where honey badgers are prevalent."

question[238]="What is Apimondia?"
choice238[1]="An ancient term for beekeeping"
choice238[2]="A technique for making creamed honey"
choice238[3]="An international beekeepers organization"
choice238[4]="A bacterial disease affecting honey bee larvae"
solution[238]="c"
reference[238]="Apimondia is an international association of beekeepers. They meet every other year to discuss all aspects of beekeeping."

question[239]="What is an extender patty?"
choice239[1]="A pollen supplement for feeding to a hive"
choice239[2]="Method of treating AFB in Honey bees"
choice239[3]="Technique for increasing honey production"
choice239[4]="Method for treating tracheal mites"
solution[239]="b"
reference[239]="Extender patties were developed in the 1970's as a means of applying antibiotics for treating American foulbrood infestations. It consists of vegetable shortening, sugar, and terramycin. It's use was discontinued after linking it to the occurrence of antibiotic resistant AFB. A shortening and sugar mixture without an antibiotic, called a grease patty, is used for controlling tracheal mites."

question[240]="Outside of the beehive, what is the greatest commercial use for beeswax?"
choice240[1]="Candles"
choice240[2]="Cosmetics"
choice240[3]="Soaps"
choice240[4]="Water proofing"
solution[240]="b"
reference[240]="Beeswax is highly malable and hypoallergenic. Most of the beeswax sold eventually ends up in lipstick, facial powders, and other cosmetic products."

question[241]="At approximately which temperature do broodless bees in early winter form a cluster?"
choice241[1]="40°F (5°C)"
choice241[2]="50°F (10°C)"
choice241[3]="60°F (15°C)"
choice241[4]="70°F (20°C)"
solution[241]="c"
reference[241]="Colonies of honey bee cluster together to share body heat in order to survive cold temperatures. By clustering together workers in a hive are able to survive temperatures that would normally kill an individual bee. Winter clustering becomes observable at temperatures of 57°F (14°C) and below."

question[242]="Why would a beekeeper use an 'Epipen'?"
choice242[1]="Marking the queen"
choice242[2]="Prevent allergic reaction to bee stings"
choice242[3]="Diagnosis American foulbrood in a hive"
choice242[4]="Record honey production"
solution[242]="b"
reference[242]="Epinephrine is used to prevent systematic reactions to bee stings. Prepared syringes like the 'Epipen' and inhalers are a few treatments available to beekeepers. Immunotherapy is the best preventive treatment for hypersensitivity to insect venom."

question[243]="Which of the following is not a typical response to a bee sting."
choice243[1]="Swelling"
choice243[2]="Itching"
choice243[3]="Chilled skin"
choice243[4]="Redness"
solution[243]="c"
reference[243]="Cold, calmy skin is a symptom of anaphylactic shock resulting from a bee sting. Such reactions occur in a very small percentage, perhaps 2%, of the population. More typical reactions include redness, localized swelling, and itching after a bee sting."

question[244]="What is the typical shape of a cell in honey comb?"
choice244[1]="Square"
choice244[2]="Pentagon"
choice244[3]="Hexagon"
choice244[4]="Octagon"
solution[244]="c"
reference[244]="The cells of honey comb are constructed in the shape of a hexagon. The geometric shape of a hexagon is one the stongest known in nature. The internal hexagon shape of a brood cell will become circular with usage. However, the overall appearance of the honey comb remains a hexagon."

question[245]="Which of the following is the earliest activity of a worker honey bee?"
choice245[1]="Capping brood cells"
choice245[2]="Attending to the queen"
choice245[3]="Removing hive debris"
choice245[4]="Ventilating the hive"
solution[245]="a"
reference[245]="Worker honey bee activity moves from inside a hive to the outside as they age. The typical activities of a worker changes from capping brood, to attending the queen, to cleaning debris, to ventilating the hive as they age."

question[246]="Foraging bees carry nectar back to a hive in their mouth."
choice246[1]="True"
choice246[2]="False"
choice246[3]=""
choice246[4]=""
solution[246]="b"
reference[246]="The crop or honey stomach of a honey bee is located in the abdomen, far beyond the mouth. Foraging bees carry nectar back to the hive in the honey stomach. Very little digestion occurs in the honey stomach. Movement into the gut is regulated by the proventriculus."

question[247]="Which of the following is a characteristic of honey that prevents bacteria and yeast from growing?"
choice247[1]="Slightly basic"
choice247[2]="Low water content"
choice247[3]="Transparent color"
choice247[4]="Alcohol content"
solution[247]="b"
reference[247]="Honey is slightly acidic with a low pH, contains hydrogen peroxide, and low water content. The water content creates a hygroscopic situation whereby honey absorbs moisture from the air and microorganisms in the honey. Bacteria and yeast in honey become dehydrated and quickly die. The color of honey has no effect on microorganisms. Unless it begins to ferment, which creates undesirable flavors, honey should not contain alcohol."

question[248]="Which of the following types of extractors holds the most frames for extracting honey?"
choice248[1]="Tangential"
choice248[2]="Radial"
choice248[3]="Horizontal"
choice248[4]="Angular"
solution[248]="b"
reference[248]="Tangential, or reversible, extractors hold only a few frames. They are designed to extract honey from only one side of a frame at a time. Radial extractors extract honey from both sides of a frame at the same time. Designs for these types of extractors hold a dozen to several hundred frames. The horizontal extractor is a new design, originally intended for extracting unsupported comb from Kenya top bar hives. An additional type of extractor is the 'merry-go-round', similar to a radial extractor with a ferris wheel type spinning motion. There is no such device as an angular extractor."

question[249]="Which of the following is not a criteria for judging the quality of bottled liquid honey during competition?"
choice249[1]="Water content"
choice249[2]="Presence of sugar crystals"
choice249[3]="Accuracy in filling a jar"
choice249[4]="Nectar source"
solution[249]="d"
reference[249]="Honey should be between 18.6% and 15.5% water. High quality bottled honey should not contain wax, lint, sugar crystals or other debris. Under filling or over filling a jar should be avoided. Presence of air in the honey or foam are reasons to deduct points for scoring. Cleanliness and lack of defects in the jar and lid are qualities looked for by judges. Judges also taste honey to determine off-tastes such as fermentation and scorching. Nectar source is not a characteristic included in judging bottled liquid honey."

question[250]="Beekeeping is a fun and rewarding activity."
choice250[1]="True"
choice250[2]="False"
choice250[3]=""
choice250[4]=""
solution[250]="a"
reference[250]="Managing a beehive is like having a small animal farm within a 3 foot square of land. Beekeepers can watch the hive grow and produce through the spring and summer, and struggle to survive the winter. No other animal has been studied or written about more than the honey bee."